Masterclass: Cracking the Emerger Code

Open your fly box and tell me what you see. Mine depends on the season but usually contains a semi-organized assortment of nymphs, dries and streamers. Usually in some corner, or squished next to the hinge, you might find a squirmy and perhaps an emerger or two. I say usually, but things are changing and an increasing amount of emergers are starting to line up right beside the dries. Until recently, I had not given much thought or attention to emergers. I mean, I’m either nymphing or dry flyfishing. That leaves emergers as, that thing in between. It’s not a truck, nor a car. Perhaps it’s a minivan? You could also argue whether you even really need the things that are in between? Due to unusual spring weather in Alberta this year, I had to keep off the rivers until late June. Consequently, I have spent much more time on the lakes. One thing about lake fishing, it gives you a lot of time to sit, observe and think. The shallow, crystal clear lakes of the Rockies are favourable to sight fishing. This leads to the ability to study fish behaviour vis-à-vis one’s fly selection and presentation. So, a lot of sitting, fishing and watching is what I’ve done, and came up with a new opinion regarding minivans.

Fish are lazy. Ok, maybe lazy is the wrong adjective. Fish are energy efficient. Most of them will not go after a food source unless the expenditure of energy is less than the caloric gain from eating the prey. For that reason, larger specimens will aptly chase a streamer for many metres as the reward is great. Alternatively, small trout in rivers will typically not move more than 30 cm for passing morsels. The prey’s mobility also plays a crucial role in the fish’s decision whether to pursue or not. The more vulnerable and immobile the target, the more appetizing it becomes, as a positive outcome is more certain. One only must think of those warm summer evenings when the spinners fall and unabashed feeding frenzies explode at the back of a pool. A feeding behavior that most fly anglers wish for and seldom take full advantage of. Equally important, although not as visually stimulating as the “All you can eat spinner dinners”, are the low key emerger buffets. This stage of the hatch is harder to detect. It is important to identify the arrival of emerging insect and having the appropriate patterns ready.

A I sat on that lake on a warm sunny morning, I watched multiple fish rise and tied on an Elk Hair Caddis. A beautiful specimen took something less than a foot from my fly. Nothing was visible on the surface, so I tied a small ant. Still, no takers. Frustrated I stared at fish swimming down just bellow the boat. As my eyes switched focus, I saw something small in the water film. A small caddis, struggling to poke through to the surface. Then it made sense. The fish were keyed onto those helpless caddis emergers. I tied on a size 14 Dodge Caravan (Sparkle Dun).

What are emergers? Most aquatic insects, or at least those we are interested in for fishing purposes, go through four stages of life: egg, nymphal, emerger (pupae) and adult. The emergence stage is perhaps the most vulnerable period in the life cycle of most aquatic insect. The mortality rate of chironomid for example is astronomical. They rise very slowly through the water column, making them easy pickings for any roaming trout. What they lack in speed, they make up in numbers and hatch by the thousands at a time. Others, such as mayflies and caddis are much better swimmers and thus rise faster but are slow at coming out of their nymphal shuck and at drying their wings. For a few tense seconds, they are stuck in the water film, powerless and vulnerable.

Let’s look more closely at some pattern examples and try to better understand their purpose. To simplify things a bit, we’ll break them into two categories. The first on is “sub surface”, and the second one is ” on surface”. Imitations of midges, chironomids, or buzzers are the most popular type of subsurface emergers. They aim at representing midges that are slowly making their way up the water column. These patterns tend to be buoyancy neutral or slightly rising and are fished lower in the water column, between 30cm of the bottom to just bellow the surface. Midges can be fished all spring and summer with great success as they are readily available and constitute the main diet for trout, grayling, and whitefish.

The second type is on surface patterns. These imitate insects that have made it to the top and are entering the final stages of transformation, from the pupae to the adult. For those pattens, some adequate buoyancy is required to hold them in the meniscus. Top water emergers are fished like dry flies, with a lighter nylon tippet and delicate presentation. The patterns I am presenting in this article sit low, with a large portion of the fly under water. A shuck is also a great addition to modern surface emergers. The material of the shuck can be modified to add or reduce buoyancy and achieve that realistic presentation of an insect climbing out of its nymphal stage. To be clear, the purpose here is not to sit high and dry. We are looking for a lot of water surface contact and some surface penetration.

Identifying when to tie an emerger on the end of our leader is important. Clear signs are when fish are delicately slurping something from the surface. When their backs are barely breaking through. When they are obviously keyed in on the surface, but you can’t put your finger on what it is they’re taking. You can think of emergers as the pre-hatch, the calm before the storm. Being able to understand and react to this can greatly increase your dry fly-fishing window and success. I find that if you miss this early portion of the hatch, fishing an emerger immediately after the main show is often just as productive.

A father of three boys, I have refused to purchase a minivan for year, opting to cram them in the back of a Tacoma. They file a complain every time but fall on deaf ear. As for my flybox though, I did revise my standard selection and it now contains a decent selection of those “in between” patterns. Following are my favorites and recommend you give them a try.

Lesson 12 brought to you by Fly Fusion Field Editor Frank Brassard.  This article was originally published Volume 20, Issue 4 (Fall 2023)